An experimental study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores
نویسندگان
چکیده
The carbon-isotope composition of hair and feces offers a glimpse into the diets of mammalian herbivores. It is particularly useful for determining the relative consumption of browse and graze in tropical environments, as these foods have strongly divergent carbon-isotope compositions. Fecal δ13C values reflect the last few days consumption, whereas hair provides longer term dietary information. Previous studies have shown, however, that some fractionation occurs between dietary δ13C values and those of hair and feces. Accurate dietary reconstruction requires an understanding of these fractionations, but few controlled-feeding studies have been undertaken to investigate these fractionations in any mammalian taxa, fewer still in large mammalian herbivores. Here, we present data from the first study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces in multiple herbivore taxa. All taxa were fed pure alfalfa (Medicago sativa) diets for a minimum period of 6 months, at which point recently grown hair was shaved and analyzed for carbon isotopes. The mean observed diet–hair fractionation was +3.2‰, with a range of +2.7 to +3.5‰. We also examined diet–feces fractionation for herbivores on alfalfa and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) feeds. The mean diet–feces fractionation for both diets was –0.8‰, with less fractionation for alfalfa (–0.6‰) than bermudagrass (–1.0‰). Fecal carbon turnover also varies greatly between taxa. When diets were switched, horse (Equus caballus) feces reflected the new diet within 60 h, but alpaca (Lama pacos) feces did not equilibrate with the new diet for nearly 200 h. Thus, fecal carbon isotopes provide far greater dietary resolution for hindgut-fermenting horses than foregut-fermenting alpacas. 876 Résumé : La composition en isotopes de carbone du poil et des fèces donne un aperçu du régime alimentaire des mammifères herbivores. Elle sert, entre autres, à déterminer la consommation relative de brout et d’herbes dans les milieux tropicaux, puisque ces nourritures ont des compositions très différentes en isotopes de carbone. Les valeurs de 13C des fèces reflètent la composition du régime alimentaire au cours des quelques derniers jours précédant l’analyse, alors que celles du poil sont des indicateurs du régime à plus long terme. Des études antérieures ont cependant révélé qu’il se produisait un fractionnement entre les valeurs de 13C mesurées directement dans le régime alimentaire et celles des fèces et des poils. La reconstruction exacte du régime alimentaire suppose une bonne compréhension préalable de ces fractionnements, mais peu d’études sur le régime alimentaire dans des conditions contrôlées ont été entreprises pour évaluer ces fractionnements chez les taxons de mammifères, encore moins chez les mammifères herbivores de grande taille. Nous présentons ici les données de la première étude du fractionnement des isotopes du carbone entre les aliments, le poil et les fèces chez plusieurs mammifères herbivores. Tous les mammifères ont été soumis à un régime de luzerne (Medicago sativa) pendant une période d’au moins 6 mois, après lesquels leur poil récemment poussé a été rasé et analysé pour y évaluer les isotopes de carbone. Le fractionnement des isotopes entre les aliments et le poil était de +3,2 ‰, avec une étendue de +2,7 ‰ à +3,5 ‰. Nous avons également évalué le fractionnement entre les aliments et les fèces chez des herbivores gardés à un régime de luzerne et d’herbes marines (Cynodon dactylon). Le fractionnement moyen observé entre les aliments et les fèces pour les deux régimes était de –0,8 ‰ et le fractionnement était moins important avec le régime de luzerne (–0,6 ‰) qu’avec le régime d’herbes marines (–1,0 ‰). Le taux de remplacement du carbone fécal variait aussi fortement d’un taxon à l’autre. À la suite d’un changement de régime, il fallait 60 h avant que les changements deviennent apparents dans les fèces chez le cheval (Equus caballus), mais près de Can. J. Zool. 81: 871–876 (2003) doi: 10.1139/Z03-066 © 2003 NRC Canada 871 Received 30 April 2002. Accepted 10 April 2003. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjz.nrc.ca on 5 June 2003. M. Sponheimer1,2 and T. Cerling. Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A., and Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A. T. Robinson and B. Roeder. Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A. L. Ayliffe and B. Passey. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A. L. Shipley and E. Lopez. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A. D. Dearing and J. Ehleringer. Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 2Present address: Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 233 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, U.S.A. J:\cjz\cjz8105\Z03-066.vp Thursday, May 29, 2003 10:18:17 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen
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